Compare And Contrast Bobbie Ann Mason And Raymond Carver

Darkness to Light While being in a dark place for a long time there usually is a time in life where it turns to light. You go through things in life where it brings you down and shows you better things that can happen in the future. That is what Authors Bobbie Ann Mason and Raymond Carver shows us in their stories. They explain relationships and how they are expressed differently by each and every one of us. The relationships between man and woman show us the differences between them and how they react with one another. Relationships complicate life and show great things that come out of them. The different ways people describe love it quite strange by showing abuse, loss, and emotion. In these two stories the authors explain how people†¦show more content†¦Due to the fact she lost her son at the same time she lost connection with her husband Randy, who was also in a bad accident hurting himself. With this type of loss, it is pulling the reader in by connecting with multiple issues. Also with dealing with loss, you have to deal with coping and her husband will probably start heavily drinking or smoking due to the fact he is losing is wife he would do everything for. â€Å"Leroy likes to lie on the couch and smoke a joint and listen to Norma Jean play.† (868) If he lost her he would probably still do the things they would always do, including building their dream house they always wanted growing up. You could tell he really cared for her and didn’t want nothing bad to happen. On the other hand in the story â€Å"What We Talk About When We Talk About Love† a woman is abused by her ex-husband and still believes he loves her. By dealing with losing him to a suicide she still cared for him even though he would beat her so bad. This loss pulls people in by showing them how abuse affects people’s lives forever. Raymond Carver wanted to make that clear throughout this story that there are many ways people describe love. That is just another way peop le see love but the other side is the emotional aspects that follow into it. Another part of the same aspects these authors relate by is that they use their stories to pull in people by using emotional situations. By doing that they are catching attention right away and pull you

Related text to whose life is it anyway Free Essays

Related text to whose life Is it anyway? – Power and the Individual What Ideas of power are represented In â€Å"whose life Is It anyway† and the related tested material you have chosen and how does the related text link to the prescribe text? There are many Ideas and reasons why My Sisters keeper and whose life is It anyway have similar relations to the power and the individual. For one the battle of individual rights, Both Anna and Ken fight for their individual rights to their Body and life. Ken doesn’t want to live anymore because he thinks there is no point as he can’t do anything for himself and need nurse to help. We will write a custom essay sample on Related text to whose life is it anyway? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Anna wants individual rights to her body because she doesn’t want to be cut open and have needles stuck in her time after time if its not going to help her sister and her sister wants Anna to win her rights so she can die because she is in a lot of pain and can’t take it anymore. Another reason is Power of Law Ken wishes to die and due to his medical status he is unable to make this happen, the power of law Influences his situation as he asks he doctors multiple times to kill but due to the law they are unable to do this. Anna’s situation Is Influenced by the power of law as she Is a child her parents are her legal guardians therefore giving them the power to make her decisions for her. She Is mature enough to make her own decisions but she is too young, she seeks to be medically released so she is able to have the choice. The power of physical strength is also another reason; Ken has no power of physical strength because he is a quadriplegic. Anna, as a child has less physical strength than her parents, therefore their power is stronger. How to cite Related text to whose life is it anyway?, Essays

Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Question: Discuss about the Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Answer: Introduction According to Doney et al. (2016), alcohol produces by far the most complicated and dangerous neurobehavioral challenges to the fetus when compared to all the substances abused such as marijuana, heroin, and cocaine. Prenatal exposure occurs when the alcohol crosses the placenta leading to the rise in the alcohol level in the blood of the fetus that in worst cases can reach maternal blood level. Kavanagh and Payne (2014) denote that alcohol being a teratogen, it can cause any malfunctions to the infant leading to behavioral, physical, or learning challenges when the child is born. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders is a major disorder that occurs due to fetal exposure to alcohol by the parent (Mutch, Watkins, Bower, 2015). This paper evaluates the occurrence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders among the Australian Indigenous Communities, impacts it can cause to an individual and the community, and its diagnosis and treatment. The paper also evaluates some of the contributing factors th at can prevent its effective treatment and possible ramifications in the case of poor management. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) is an umbrella term used in describing a spectrum of conditions that affects an individual due to fetal exposure to alcohol by the mother during pregnancy as pointed out by Salmon (2011). The study also denotes that every condition related to the disorder and its diagnosis is often based on characteristic feature presentations which are always unique to the person affected and may be neurobehavioral, physical, or developmental. As an umbrella term, the FASDs consist of the following conditions that all arise due to prenatal alcohol exposure; Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder abbreviated as ARND Alcohol Related Birth Defects abbreviated as ARBD Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Partial Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (PFAS) Impacts of FASD on the Community and Individuals According to Abbs (2015), alcohol can cause great damage to the unborn infant at any level during pregnancy, an aspect that also determines the level of harm an individual can experience. The level of harm that can be experienced is also determined by the frequency and amount of alcohol exposure which is moderated by parental age, nutrition of the mother, and intergenerational alcohol use. For instance, Freckelton (2016) points out that the use of alcohol by the mother while living under poor diet or smoking cigarettes will worsen the condition of the fetus towards the exposure. The same study points out that the environmental factors affecting the mother such as stress, poverty, and exposure to violence are likely to worsen the condition of the FASD related infections to the fetus. In their study, Latimer et al. (2015) point out that many indigenous communities and individuals within the indigenous communities in Australia living with FASD often face a primary, secondary, and tertia ry challenges. The primary conditions that can be observed in an individual include impulsiveness, memory lapse, learning difficulties, difficulties in relating actions to different consequences, delays in development of a child, and even damage to major organs in the body Diagnosis and Treatment With modern technology and its adoptions within the medical industries in Australia, Fitzpatrick et al. (2015) point out that clinicians across Australia adopted the use of FASD diagnostic instrument as part of the Australian Guide to the diagnosis of the disease. In 2016, the Australian medical expert review panel harmonized the Australian diagnostic subcategories based on those recommended by the Canadian guidelines with the aim of accepting the overarching FASD diagnostic subcategories. These categories include; FASD with less than three sentinel facial features- a diagnosis process encompassing the proviso categories of Neuro-developmental Disorder-Alcohol Exposure and Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome FASD diagnosis consisting of three sentinel features in the fetal face- is a process that is similar to the previous Fetal Alcohol Syndrome diagnosis. Like any other physical disability condition, Burns et al. (2013) point out that FASD is a physical brain-based disorder that requires environmental accommodation. With early neurobehavioral interventions and a correct diagnosis as well as appropriate parental support and care in early stages of childhood, the quality of life and learning outcomes for individuals suffering from FASD can vastly improve. In his study, Salmon (2011) recommends interdependence rather than the independence objective for many adults affected by FASD as an acknowledgment of the need for appropriate support in the attempt of sustaining the individual capacity of engaging in economic and social life. It is also crucial to develop accommodation in full consultations with the people living with FASD since every individual has a particular need. Burns et al. (2013) also identify some case management approaches and support strategies in the treatment of FASD to include; Setting short-term strategic goals with intensive support, realistic expectations, and follow-through Non-indigenous educational support plans and approaches that professionally recognizes the relevant needs of FASD individuals within the indigenous Australian communities. Latimer et al. (2015) denote that the mainstream approaches only rely on the memory functionality and behaviors that at the end affect the cause-effect reasoning, filtration of external stimuli, sequestration, planning, and acceptance of the unexpected environmental changes that often affect the patients. Adopting the use of public trustee for effective management of finances during treatment and intervention. Adopting concrete language and routine structures such as using tools for planning the activities within the timelines as recommended for treatment. Contributing Factors that can Prevent Successful Treatment for Australian Indigenous Communities The physical, neurobehavioral, and developmental features with the FASD are rarely apparent at birth unless there are facial growth factors related to the disorder are observed and may be difficult to notice until the child attains the school age when learning and behavioral difficulties become problematic (Mutch, Watkins, Bower, 2015). In their study, Kavanagh and Payne (2014) also denotes that there is often unrecognized impairments f the brain with primary symptoms that often cause misunderstanding by those in authority who cast laziness or defiant behavior to individuals living with FASD. In the effort of trying to meet unrealistic expectations, the individual often develops secondary defensive behaviors that are then paradoxically used to label and stereotype the affected individuals based on the observed behaviors. Being an invisible disability, FASD often goes undetected and can often be ignored, overlooked, or attributed to other non-genetic conditions, a factor that brings challenges to the process of management and treatment of the disorder according to Doney et al. (2016). Other challenges are often caused by blaming them on poor parenting and unhealthy post birth environments that predispose the children to other infections. There is also a lack of proper understanding by the community providers towards FASD since the service provisions and assessments are often evidence based on the behavior of the incapability of the affected individuals. According to Latimer et al. (2015), problem behavior presentations, as well as the absence of biomarkers, often result in assumptions concerning the individuals that are often unfair instead of being helpful. It hence means that most of the community healthcare providers within the Australian Indigenous population do not have a clear understanding that FASD is a physical brain-based disorder with symptomatic behaviors to the brain, an aspect that prevents successful treatment. Ramifications in Case of PoorManagement of FASD When poorly managed in an individual, there are both primary and secondary conditions that can last a lifetime depending on the amount of alcohol exposure during pregnancy according to Mutch, Watkins, and Bower (2015). The primary conditions that can be observed in an individual include impulsiveness, memory lapse, learning difficulties, difficulties in relating actions to different consequences, delays in the development of a child, and even damage to major organs in the body such as the kidney. Freckelton (2016) also denotes that the unfairness they face reinforces the invisibility of their brain-based conditions hence perpetuating their sense of failure to believe that they cant do rather than they wont do. As a result, other tertiary conditions are likely to occur due to the failure in meeting the expectations while developing defensive behavioral mechanisms. The tertiary conditions likely to be faced by such individuals include sexual victimization, early and unplanned parenthoo d, economic and family dependence, incomplete education, alcohol and other drug abuse, and involvement in criminal justice systems. Conclusion Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders is a serious challenge among the Australian Indigenous communities who still struggle with the challenge of drug and substance abuse and the related effects to the society. Like any other physical disability condition, FASD is a physical brain-based disorder that requires environmental accommodation so as to help the affected individuals view life positively. With early neurobehavioral interventions and a correct diagnosis as well as appropriate parental support and care in early stages of childhood, the quality of life and learning outcomes for individuals suffering from FASD can vastly improve. References Abbs, P. (2015). Widening the gap: The gulf between policy rhetoric and implementation reality in addressing alcohol problems among Indigenous Australians.Drug Alcohol Review,34(5), 461-466. doi:10.1111/dar.12299 Burns, L., Breen, C., Bower, C., O' Leary, C., Elliott, E. J. (2013). Counting Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in Australia: The evidence and the challenges.Drug Alcohol Review,32(5), 461-467. Doney, R. r., Lucas, B. b., Watkins, R. r., Tsang, T. t., Sauer, K. k., Howat, P. p., ... Elliott, E. e. (2016). Visual-motor integration, visual perception, and fine motor coordination in a population of children with high levels of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder.Research In Developmental Disabilities,55346-357. Fitzpatrick, J. P., Latimer, J., Ferreira, M. L., Carter, M., Oscar, J., Martiniuk, A. C., ... Elliott, E. J. (2015). Prevalence and patterns of alcohol use in pregnancy in remote Western Australian communities: The Lililwan.Drug Alcohol Review,34(3), 329-339. Freckelton, I. Q. (2016). Sentencing Offenders with Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): The Challenge of Effective Management.Psychiatry, Psychology Law,23(6), 815-825. doi:10.1080/13218719.2016.1258752 Kavanagh, P. S., Payne, J. S. (2014). Education, safe drinking practices and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in the Kimberley region of Western Australia.Journal Of Paediatrics Child Health,50(9), 701-706. doi:10.1111/jpc.12615 Latimer, J., Carter, M., Oscar, J., Ferreira, M. L., Carmichael Olson, H., ... Elliott, E. J. (2015). Prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome in a population-based sample of children living in remote Australia: The Lililwan.Journal Of Paediatrics Child Health,51(4), 450-457. doi:10.1111/jpc.12814 Mutch, R. C., Watkins, R., Bower, C. (2015). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Notifications to the Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies.Journal Of Paediatrics Child Health,51(4), 433-436. doi:10.1111/jpc.12746 Salmon, A. (2011). Aboriginal mothering, FASD prevention and the contestations of neoliberal citizenship.Critical Public Health,21(2), 165-178. doi:10.1080/09581596.2010.530643

The different aspects of Love Essay Example

The different aspects of Love Essay romeo and juliet was written for an Elizabethan audience in the late 16th century. Romeo and Juliet is a play about the different kinds of love yet there was a lot of cruelty and violence in the play with the problems and pleasures of friends and family. It is a tragedy play and only through their deaths can the conflict and enmity of the families be resolved. This shows how destiny and fate can change even the best of intentions within a short amount of time (five days). However, a critic of the play on the internet stated that Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare was not a love story as he felt a love story happened over a long period of time unlike five days in Romeo and Juliet and he also believed that the play was based more on violence. He said You do not fall in love with someone and get married in a few days, it was not love it was lust. He also stated that over half of the play is based on killing and was related to violence in some way or another. We will write a custom essay sample on The different aspects of Love specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The different aspects of Love specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The different aspects of Love specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But there is no doubt that in the play different aspects of love namely courtly/petrachan, sexual, dutiful and true love are displayed. There is a element of sexual love at the start of the play as Sampson and Gregory banter regarding women and how they are only made to give pleasure to males like themselves. Sampson states I will push Montagues men from the wall, and thrust his maids to the wall. This shows that males were dominant (patriarchal) in those days compared to females and had the right to use them for gratification and for enjoyment whenever they wanted to. It also shows how badly women were treated in those times as only tools for pleasure and enjoyment to selfish, thoughtless and uncivilised men. After that the nurse also makes sexual references in the play. In Act 1 scene 3 she states A bump as big as a young cockrels stone. In this quotation she refers to the testicles of a male as she talks about marriage to Juliet and what it involves like sexual intercourse. This reflects the saucy nature of the nurse. In the next scene(Act 1 scene 4) Mercutio also refers to sexual love when speaking to Romeo. He said If love be rough with you, be right with love. Prick love for pricking, and you beat love down. This means that you should get your own back on love and only then will you defeat it; stimulate love into action, and you will deflate desire. In addition, portions and segments of courtly/Petrachan love are displayed in the play. This type of love occurs in the first act and is directed towards Romeo. He is obsessed with his first love whose name is Rosaline with superficial and artificial love. In Act 1 scene 1 Romeo describes his love for Rosaline and how beautiful she is. He said For beauty starved with her severity, cuts beauty off from all posterity. This shows that Romeo is infatuated with Rosaline and would do anything to be with her forever. However, later on in the play we find out that it was never reciprocal meaning that Rosaline never loved him in return. This causes chaos and depression for Romeo as his love is unrequited. He shows his depression by saying why, such is loves transgression: griefs of mine own lie heavy in my breast, which thou wilt propagate to have it pressd with more of thine; this love that thou hast shown doth add more grief to too much of mine own. However, Romeo fell in love straight away when he first saw Juliet and forgot about Rosaline ever since. In Act 2 Scene 3 Romeo tells Friar Lawrence about Juliet being the girl he loved now and how Rosaline is out of his life. He happily stated With Rosaline, my ghostly father? No; I have forgot that name, and that names woe. This shows that Romeo had forgotten about Rosaline and was not truly in love with her. It also showed that he was in love with the idea of love rather than the person. He described Rosaline as chaos and heaviness and describes Ju liet as brightness and light in oxymorons. He uses religious language which shows devotion and worship towards to Juliet. As well as courtly love, true love between Romeo and Juliet is displayed in the play. They first meet when Romeo and a few of his friends arrive at the Capulet ball as Romeo wanted to see Rosaline even though they are Montagues (sworn enemies of the Capulets) and they were not invited to the extravagant ball which was designed for Capulets only (Act 1 scene 5). As Romeo enters in to the ballroom he gazes upon Juliet and slowly afterwards Juliet sees Romeo and they both fall in love at first sight. Romeo then described how he felt after looking at Juliet. He said O she doth teach the torches to burn bright! It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night as a rich jewel in an Ethiops car, this shows that Romeo feels that Juliet is the greatest thing on earth and it also shows genuine love at first sight between these two. He also says Did my heart love till now? forswear it, sight! For I neer saw true beauty till this night. This proves that Romeo is truly in love with Juliet unlike his su perficial feelings for Rosaline as he began feeling depressed with her and had different feeling to her compared with Juliet. However, this love between Romeo and Juliet endures into death. Neither can bear the thought of life without the other. Finally, the last type of love displayed in Romeo and Juliet is family and dutiful love. The love Paris has for Juliet is dutiful love. In Act 1 scene 2 Paris asked Lord Capulet (Juliets father) if he could marry Juliet. He asked Lord Capulet that But now my lord, what say you to my suit? This shows that Paris is keen to marry Juliet and no one. He does not know a great deal about her so we get the impression that he is marrying her for her name and title. Capulet initially objects due to the age of her daughter and then asks Paris to attract her attention at the Capulet ball. He said My child is yet a stranger in the world She hath not seen the change of fourteen years. This shows that Lord Capulet thinks that Juliet is not ready to get married and needs more time to mature. As well as Pariss love for Juliet the love between father and daughter was also dutiful love. Capulet wants Juliet to marry Paris in an arranged marriage so that she can take her mind off Tybalts death. He does this out of his love for Juliet. However, as Juliet refuses to marry Paris Lord Capulet shows his violent aggression towards Juliet. In Act 3 Scene 5 he says, Disobedient wretch! I tell thee what. Get thee to church on Thursday or never after look me in the face. It showed me that he becomes agitated when he knows Juliet is not doing what he feels is best for her. The Nurse also expresses family love to Juliet. It is part of the nurses duty to look after Juliet and with that duty she expresses her love to Juliet. In the end of Act 1 Scene 3 the nurse shows her love for Juliet by saying Go, girl, seek happy nights to happy days. This shows that the nurse truly cares about Juliet and her future. Tybalt also shows this type of love for family honour. In Act 1 Scene 5 he witnesses Romeo, a Montague entering a Capulet Ball. He says It fits when such a villain is a guest: I will not endure him. This shows that Tybalt was offended as a montague entered a Capulet Ball without permission. He feels family honour deeply and wants to defend it, hence the fight between him and Romeo. In Conclusion, there are many different types of love occurring throughout the play Romeo and Juliet. The sexual love shown by Sampson, Gregory, the Nurse and Mercutio. The courtly/petrachan love Romeo had for Rosaline. The family/dutiful love Paris has for Juliet and the true love between the star crossed lovers in Romeo and Juliet. In all of Shakespeares tragedies. Conflict can only be resolved by the death of the protagonists which are Romeo and Juliet. It was definitely a famous and enduring love story set against the backdrop of violence. Shakespeares message is that true love can overcome any problems and obstacles in any situation of life. This message is often repeated in Shakespeares other poems and sonnets.

Case Study #2 Essays - Starbucks, Coffee, Drink, Stealth Starbucks

Case Study #2 Essays - Starbucks, Coffee, Drink, Stealth Starbucks Case Study #2 Starbucks: Forbidden in the Forbidden City What are the reasons forced Starbucks which in Forbidden City been closured? Starbucks has been closured from Beijing's Forbidden City. Chenggang Rui who is a popular CCTV anchor says its cultural history and American coffee chains shouldn't mix. That is trampling over Chinese culture. The Forbidden City, one of the most recognized historic sites in Beijing, China, under the pressure of a Web-based activist campaign. It collected more than 500,000 signatures supporting the closure of Starbucks. The Starbucks had two choices . One was continuing to operate in the Forbidden City, only without the Starbucks name, another choice w as to shake hands and part ways . In the end, The Starbucks decid ed the choice would be to leave . There are the reasons forced Starbucks which in Forbidden City been closured. How to solve Starbucks forbidden in the Forbidden City? After research, we believe Starbucks could open near the Forbidden City . Because Starbucks opened in the Forbidden City is not illegal. Second ly, Starbucks can opened in the Forbidden City in line with market rules. Third ly, it's convenient to visit the Forbidden City of tourists at home and abroad. Fourth Starbucks opened outside the Forbidden City do not affect Chinese culture. How can Starbucks change their product/services to better fit the Chinese culture? In traditional Chinese culture, people prefer to drink a cup of tea rather than a cup of coffee, since tea has long history in china, is cheaper than coffee, and is believed to have health benefits. Also, coffee is a traditional western culture, western style place for younger professional and provides a place to meet, talk, see and be seen. Starbucks want their customers to experience the western style cafe, although Starbucks include a fireplace, a foreign concept in Chinese homes, also incorporates many familiar components such as bamboo, Chinese symbols etc. but they still provide an western experience as well as a cup of coffee. Generally, coffee consumers in china are young, affluent professionals; returnees and foreign expatriates, there are more familiar with the western lifestyle. People that are not familiar with coffee culture are troubled with the drinking culture. For example, Starbucks need to better educate the consumers the coffee drinking culture. Give Chinese consumers more information about Starbucks Coffee, and the signal of how to drink a cup of coffee with sugar, stirrers or milk. What did you learn from the experience of Starbucks in China? From the first launched in China, Starbucks met some troubles, for example, customers' awareness and understanding, trademark infringement, products modifying and culture difference etc. Firstly, local customers may feel confused when they go to Starbucks because of the unfamiliar with the coffee drinking culture, they don't know what they can use for drinks and the differences between varied types of coffee, thus we can learn that when doing business in the country we need to use the suitable promotion methods which are related to the country's culture, in order to increase the customer's awareness, for example, we could use some step tips of drinking coffee next to the sugar or milk, and we could use a blackboard to introduce difference coffee knowledge everyday. Secondly, it's very common that trademark infringement happens in China, therefore trademark protection is very important when enter in the China market. Thirdly, in order to meet customers' needs and favorite taste , the products should be modified as Chinese style. Lastly, because of the culture difference, it's difficult to measure what to put it or give up, especially when the important element of headquarter culture couldn't be accepted in the enter market, therefore we have to consider different situation and environment when doing global business.

How to Choose the Best ACT Test Locations

How to Choose the Best ACT Test Locations SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips We all want to max out brainpower on the day of the ACT. But what can help, besides studying? One factor worth considering is where you take the test. You want a place that allows you to focus completely on the test without other anxieties, concerns or discomfort. And guess where a lot of test-day anxieties, concerns and discomfort can come from? That's right, they can be direct results of choosing a distracting or inconvenient testing center. In this article, we give you all the information you need to make the right decision about which of all ACT test centers to choose In this article, we’ll cover how you find the ACT locations administering the test. Then, we’ll discuss the important factors you need to consider to choosing your test location. Finally, we’ll give you a few tips and reminders you might not have known about test centers. How Do I Find Which Locations Are Near Me? There are two ways to find test locations. 1) Use the ACT'sSearch Toolto Find a Test Center Near You I recommend that on this form you search by state, and not by city. If you enter the city, you’ll only receive schools for that exact city, not neighboring areas. You’ll see a list of cities and center names. When you click on the addition sign, you'll see the center code and the dates the ACT is offered at that center. Not all centers have all test dates, so make sure you plan ahead! 2) Start Registering for the Test You don't need to go through with the whole registration, and they won't charge you for it. You’ll need to log into your ACT account, and then click the link to register for the test. This will take you through many questionnaires. Finally, when you get to Test Date, choose your intended test date. Go through a few more pages, and you’ll get to the Test Center. On this page, you’ll be able to enter a Zip Code, and the ACT will conveniently show all ACT testing centers within 25 miles. It’s unclear why they don’t make the zip code search available publicly without registering for the test. Which ACT Test Location Should I Choose? Your best choice of ACT test locations depends on a number of factors. In order of importance: How long does it take to get there? How familiar are you with the location and layout? Will you know a lot of people at that location? How will that affect you? Are there known aspects about the location that make it problematic? Let’s cover each in order. How Long Does It Take to Get There? Timing is the primary concern when choosing the test location. Because the ACT requires that you arrive by 8AM sharp, you’ll need to wake up early to get to the test location. For example, if it takes you an hour to drive to the test location, you’ll likely need to wake up around 6AM to have enough time to get energized, eat breakfast, and arrive at the site with time to spare. Keep in mind that the longer you have to travel, the more variability there will be in your arrival time – a 10 minute drive might be delayed only by 5 minutes, but a 60 minute drive can be delayed by 30 minutes. Recommendation: generally try to choose locations that are closer to where you live. How Familiar Are You With the Location and Layout? Knowing exactly how to get to the ACT test center is an advantage. The morning of the test, you want as little distraction as possible when getting yourself in the mindset for acing the test. If you’re driving to an unknown location, you might run into unexpected traffic or construction, and you might confuse directions. This can cause anxiety that might not wear off until well into the test. Similarly, knowing the layout of the test center is helpful during bathroom breaks. Because breaks are tightly regulated in time, getting lost in the hallways of a school can be damaging to your concentration. Test centers at high schools typically use only a small portion of the school for testing, so it’s possible for you to lose your way if you’re unfamiliar with the location. Recommendation: Try to choose a location that you’re familiar with. If you must choose an unfamiliar location, try to scope it out beforehand, or budget extra time to get there and know the layout. Will You Know a Lot of People at That Location? How Will That Affect You? If you choose your local high school like most students, you’ll likely run into a lot of people you know. People respond very differently to this. To some, being around friends is helpful. It relieves the stress of the situation, and chatting casually during breaks might help them feel less nervous. To these people, going to an unfamiliar location with strangers causes additional stress. To others, the opposite is true - being around friends for the ACT is stressful. You might want as little distraction as possible, and talking to your friends might take your head out of the game. You want to concentrate silently during breaks, but you don’t want to give the impression that you’re rudely brushing off your friends. Plus, what if you take the test in the same room as your crush? It might be hard to take the test without sneaking glances at the person. Which group do you fit into? Each person is different, so act accordingly. Recommendation: If being around friends on test day is helpful, register at your high school. If it’s stressful, register elsewhere, keeping in mind the location and layout factors above. Are There Known Issues at the Location That Bother You? You’ll usually only know this ahead of time if you’re thinking about taking it at your high school. Here are things that you might worry about: Temperature control: do you know if the location can maintain a temperature that’s comfortable for you? Windows: do you tend to feel claustrophobic in this location, and might the presence of windows help? Testing environment: do you know if the location has noises, smells, or other factors that might be distracting? Do you tend to focus at school or drift off? Recommendation: Avoid testing centers with known problems that bother you. All these factors bring us to one important question that affect most students: Should You Take the ACT at Your High School? This is the default choice of most test takers, because it happens to be convenient. Some students don’t have this choice because their high school doesn’t offer the ACT – in this case, follow the guidelines above. But if you are able to take the ACT at your high school, don’t just assume this is the best option. You should NOT take the ACT at your high school if: There’s another testing location that is substantially closer to your home (saving more than 10 minutes of transit time) Testing around people you know stresses you out and can throw off your concentration You know there are problems at your school, like bad temperature control, uneven desks, or others. Other Tips and Facts Your test center may be changed before the test. If the ACT doesn’t have enough registered students at your chosen test center, they will reassign you to a different location you didn’t expect. Your test might even get rescheduled due to bad weather or other factors. If the location is unfamiliar, consider visiting it days before the test. You’ll practice getting to the location quickly, and you can take a brief look around so the environment is familiar the day of the test. If you have to choose a test center far away (30 minutes or more), here are some tips. Wake up earlier to give yourself buffer time in case problems happen. Prepare a breakfast to eat on the way, and notes to review on the way there. If music relaxes you, listen to it along the way. You can change your location, but it’ll cost you. If you make the change by the registration deadline, there’s a $23 fee. If you change it after your late registration deadline, your only option is to request standby testing, at which point you might as well take it at your original location. What's Next? Now that you know where to take the ACT, learn WHEN to take it. Find out the best ACT test dates and how you should schedule your tests. What's a good ACT score for you? Read this guide to figure out what score you need to aim for. Want to improve by 4 points or more on the ACT? Click below to get our free guide to 5 strategies you must remember to make big improvements on the ACT. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Laura Registrato About the Author Laura has over a decade of teaching experience at leading universities and scored a perfect score on the SAT. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Environmental Health and Safety Scholarship Essay

Environmental Health and Safety - Scholarship Essay Example The purpose of this research is to investigate the reasons why companies perform environmental audits in their business operations. One of which was the increasing regulatory pressures. Of course, in order to stay in the competitive market, the company must ensure that they comply with all the applicable environmental regulations promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) and other national, local and federal agencies. Another notable reason was to make sure that they meet all the necessary requirements of safety standards designed to promote their continuous development. The auditing requires systematic and comprehensive review of all the aspects within the business which include the properties, facilities, processes and operations. The investigation results will then serve as the guideline and baseline information in order to evaluate and assess the performance of the company. Because of the available updates on EH&S, the problems and deficiencies can be easily identified and can be corrected immediately before it becomes severe and can create more damages. To simplify, environmental auditing is about reducing or mitigating possible risk that may arise in the workplace. This makes sure that the businesses activities have no negative impact instead safeguard the environment as well as promote human health and safety for a total satisfaction. It can also identify possible cost saving, such as waste minimization, avoid fines and penalties and also avoid hospitalization costs due to accidents in the worksite. The growing public awareness can also be attributed for the sudden need of companies to conduct environmental audits. Since, several reports highlighted workplace hazards and accidents more and more became conscious and demand higher standard of EH&S.   Aside from these reasons, environmental auditing was also conducted by many companies in order enhance their image and reputation. Usua lly, this was used to promote their own companies by just stating that they adhere to the highest standards in work site safety. Question 4:   List, and briefly explain, the elements which should be planned in a successful audit program. In order to have a successful environmental audit, several elements should be properly and well planned which include the following: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Goals and Objectives Basically, before any undertakings, the company should state and establish their clear outline of goals and objectives they wanted to achieve after the audit program. This will help and guide them to easily formulate

A Person Who Was Nearly Killed After a Heart Attack Research Paper

A Person Who Was Nearly Killed After a Heart Attack - Research Paper Example This essay discusses that many years ago, the patient was already warned by the doctors to watch his diet and maintain a regular exercise. He was advised to be â€Å"careful about his health† and watch his weight because he was already hypertensive and his family (both on the father and mother side) had a long history of having cardiovascular disease and hypertension. The patient was already overweight which indicated that he really had to watch his health. Even his wife which is also a family friend already advised him to at least scale down on his drinking habit and have a change of diet. Still, it was to no avail. The patient was encouraged to do sport or go to the gym or do a leisure swim as a substitute for drinking but it still did not work. Even if he already reached his 40s and had a history of cardiovascular diseases on both sides of his family, he still carried the lifestyle that he had when he was still college. He likes to indulge in fatty foods like pork and high cholesterol beef in addition to junk foods and soda. Even his wife already reminded him to â€Å"slow down† with his eating and drinking habits to no avail. He does not get enough sleep due to his beer binges rendering his immune system weak. Until one day while eating, he suffered a heart attack and it was obviously bad. He just fell from his seat. It was accompanied by a stroke due to his hypertension. It nearly killed him only that he was rushed to the hospital in time. But he was not able to recover from that single heart attack and stroke.... ho attended him explained that the stroke which paralyzed his brain was caused by high blood pressure and heart attack which deprived the brain of oxygen during the attack. Due to the spontaneous heart attacks and stroke that deprived the brain oxygen (caused by heart attack), several blood vessels or nerves in his brain burst. The bursting of the blood vessels left a blood clot lodged within the nerves of his brain that blocked the oxygen from reaching his brain tissues. As a result, his brain tissues deteriorated that instead of recovering, his situation is just getting bad. To date, his physical movement is seriously limited that he has to be on a wheel chair and his speech is now impaired because he can no longer speak clearly. His hearing also deteriorated because we have to yell before he can hear us. But what hurts more than his physical condition is the effect of his sudden paralysis on his family. It was also as if his family was paralyzed. The very first thing that was affe cted was their finances. He was the sole breadwinner in their family and his paralysis rendered him unfit to work and removed the source of income for their family. The only consolation they have is that they were done amortizing their house that they were not thrown out to the streets even if the husband is no longer working. Their savings were literally wiped out with his hospitalization that rendered them bankrupt. They also had to spend for his expensive maintenance medicines. What hurt more is that the wife was forced to work doing some menial jobs that she was not used to. Two of his children has to stopped going to college (the eldest was sophomore in college while the second is a freshman and the youngest was in junior high). They went through turbulent times after that becasue

High School and Enrollment Essay Example for Free

High School and Enrollment Essay 1. 0 Introduction 1. 1 Background of the Study Now days the enrollment processing is always the toughest time the school faces every year. The subject of our study is the Silway-8 National High School, a public school located at Silway-8 Polomolok, South Cotabato. This school employs 34 teachers, 1 principal and has a student population of 1,325 this year. The enrollment procedure of the school is manually done, though they have computer units, they use the computer only for printing ordinary reports and for the student’s computer laboratory session. During enrollment the principal assigns one chairman for each year level to handle the enrollment processing. In using the manual process of enrollment they find it hard to handle such a collection of records. It is a long procedure and time consuming task particularly in recording, filing and retrieving of student’s information. The proponent’s proposed a Computerized Enrollment System that will reduce the processing time of enrollment process. A system that provides a faster and organize way of storing and retrieving student’s record. 1. 2 Overview of the Current State of Technology. The goal of this study aims to develop a Computerized Enrollment System for Silway-8 National High School. This System stores information in a faster, systematic and more convenient way of storing files of the enrollees in a computer . The work load of the enrollment in-charge are lessen in storing files of each student every now and then. The enrollment procedure of Silway-8 National High School is done manually. This manual process of enrollment creates difficulties in handling records, like storing, securing and retrieving of files. The processing aspect is time consuming. They have hard time classifying students for sectioning and they don’t have back up for their records. Once a record is lost they cannot retrieve it. When the school was once hit by flash floods all of their records were destroyed. These are the reasons that brought the proponents to develop a Computerized Enrollment System that will ease the hassle and burdens of the enrollment in-charge with the manual process. In this study, the use of Visual Basic . Net and Navicat for mySQL database will help to improve the efficiency of the enrollment process of Silway-8. National High School. 1. 3 Project Rational As such, having a computerized Enrollment System would increase the efficiency by reducing human error of recording and filing such records. It would also lessen storage area and would provide easy access for reference by the administrator or any personnel if needed. Computerized Enrollment System is design for the benefits of Silway-8 National High School. It will help the faculty in monitoring the records of the students. Computerized Enrollment System is use to make the transaction fast, and accurate. It can display the records of each student through student LRN and all other information. Systems operations proceed faster, more efficiently and with greater accuracy than manual enrollment systems. This can lessen the workload and provides accurate information needed of the school. As a result, it will benefit not only the student but the administration as a whole. 1. 2 Statement of the Problem 1. 2. 1 General Problem The Silway-8 National High School is currently using a manual Enrollment System that is cumbersome and inefficient monitoring of Enrollment process. 1. 2. 2 Specific Problem. Manual procedure of enrollment is time consuming, long procedure and records are not secured. It can be easily damaged and can be updated by unauthorized personnel without permission of the administrator. 1. 2 Objective of the Study 1. 3. 1 General Objectives * To help ease the problem in managing records on enrollment of Silway-8 National High School 1. 3. 2 Specific Objectives * To develop a Computerized Enrollment System to handle and manage student’s records that provides easy searching and retrieval of records. * To help the school have a secured data storage for enrollment record. 1. 3 Significance of the Study The significance of this study is to develop a Computerized Enrollment System that will help Silway-8 National High School for a much organized and easy Enrollment System. It will also help secure the data of the school; it will reduce processing time for enrollment since they can easily view the information of the enrollees and print the class list to know the students who are currently enrolled in the specific year. If just in case student fails a subject, through the said system they were able to extract accurate student records. For the proponents, it will help us to cultivate our knowledge and skills in programming and system development as a source of experience. We can then be able to train ourselves and practice in the real world of work of our chosen course. This study aims to develop a computerize enrollment system. With the computerized enrollment systems helps save time for the school and provide faster way on recording transactions. Through this study the researchers will learn the importance of enrollment system in a business organization. The computerize enrollment system is a big help to solve the problems that have encountered by the school. 1. 4 Scope and Limitation 1. 5. 1Scope Computerized Enrollment System is intended for Silway-8 National High School and designed to perform the following: * Can add, edit, update and search information related in enrollment transactions. * It has security access level through log-in forms with different users. * Can provide class list for teachers * Can generate reports and prints. * The System is Network base. 1. 5. 3 Limitations The system cannot be used for other school activities like: * Clinic transactions, science laboratory and supply room transactions of the school. The system does not include transaction like: * accounting * billing * Cashiering * grading system * for class and subject scheduling * Methodology After a detailed consideration among the members of the group, the proponents agreed to use SDLC or the System Development Life Cycle as our methodology for the system that is to be built. One advantage of using SDLC is it can return to its preceding phase in case of errors at any of its stages. The SDLC is the process of creating or changing systems, models and methodologies that is used to develop the system. The idea generally refers to computer information system. The phases of SDLC are shown below. PLANNING ANALYSIS DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION MAINTENANCE Figure: 2. 0 System Development Life Cycles Planning Phase In this phase, the proponents starts to search where the manual evaluation of the process takes place like gathering data through conducting interviews and gather some necessary sample reports to the school and then the group planned to divide the work load to each member. In this phase the project duration and measure was identified to come with a project that is achievable. Analysis Phase  The proponents start to gather information to come up with a solution for the problem of the company. Analyzing the process of evaluation by considering the actual evaluation and finding out what the evaluation takes, and build a further flexible, efficient and appropriate system for the improvement of the manual system. The proponents will also identify the requirements that are required in structuring the new system, and how it will improve the transaction being done by the company. Design Phase During this phase, the proponents started to build the system’s interface of the whole system using the information being gathered. The features and functions of the system are individual built to answer the problems and to comply the necessary requirements. The proponents used Visual Basic. Net programming language and MySQL as backed for the said system. Implementation Phase In preparation for implementation, the necessary data for the execution of the system will be collected from respective sources, i. e. the registrar. These data will then be uploaded to the server here it will be imported into the system. Prior to formal launch or deployment, the system will be tested to confirm the availability of the imported data. Maintenance Phase  Software Maintenance is a process of changing a system after it has been delivered and in use. After the software is being delivered, changes may occur because of errors have been encountered. 3. 0 Data Gathering Procedures Output The proponents conducted a group discussion to identify which company we should choose as the subject of our study. After the proponent had chosen a prospect company, the proponents prepared a letter of request for the respondents asking permission in making Silway-8 National high School as the subject of our study. The letter was presented to the school principal Mrs. Eva Cosep with the focus and objectives of the study. Upon the approval of the request, the proponents prepared an outline as a guide questionnaire to lead them in gathering important information needed for the success of the study. With the data being gathered, the proponents were able to draw the structure of the project. Interview the proponents have an open communication with the user who is involved in doing the manual process of the school transactions. The team was provided with materials and sample documents of the existing reports as well as interview with the individuals involved of the process. Library Research as additional information for the proposed Computerized Enrollment System the proponents referred to the unpublished and published books found in the library. Internet Research – the proponents used the internet for information gathering regarding Enrollment System. 4. 0 The Existing System 4. 1Company Background The Silway-8 National High School is located at Silway-8 Polomolok South Cotabato. It was establish on June 1986 at present it has 37 faculty staff, 34 teaching staff, 1detailed principal, 3 personnel and maximum of 1,325 students. The total numbers of students are composed of five sections for First Year and Second year, four sections for third year and fourth year, and 65 students per section. The School has 1 computer laboratory but still using manual enrollment system. At present the school principal is Ms. Eva Cosep. 4. 2 Description of the System The enrollment procedure of Silway-8 National High School is done manually. Though the school has computer units but it is used only for the student’s studies and for generating common reports. Every year the school held their enrollment at the gymnasium. The principal assigned one chairman every year level to process the enrollment. The procedure of their manual enrollment system is first the student asks for enrollment form from the chairman and filled it out with the necessary information. The curriculum head (chairman) then checked is the students have complied all of the requirements for enrollment. The chairman takes down the general weighted average of student because that is the basis for sectioning. They don’t have master list of enrollees and when the principal want know the number of enrollees she ask the class advisers the number of students that  comprises in her class. 5. 0 Software/Project Estimation 5. 1 Schedule of Activities GANTT CHART MONTHS| JULY| AUGUST| SEPTEMBER| ACTIVITIES| WEEKS| WEEKS| WEEKS| | 1| 2| 3| 4| 1| 2| 3| 4| 1| 2| 3| 4|. Find a Company| | | | | | | | | | | | | Interview| | | | | | | | | | | | |Project Proposal| | | | | | | | | | | | Planning| | | | | | | | | | | | | Analysis| | | | | | | | | | | | | Design| | | | | | | | | | | | | System Coding| | | | | | | | | | | | | Documentation| | | | | | | | | | | | | Implementation| | | | | | | | | | | | | LEGEND UNFINISHED START DATE COMPLETED IN PROCESS 5. 2 Cost Estimation AMOUNT  Laptop (2 Units)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ P 60,000. 00 Printing Preliminary printing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ P200. 00 Final Documentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P 185. 00 Book Binding†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ P 130. 00 Fare†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦ P 200. 00 Miscellaneous†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P150. 00 TOTAL P 60,865. 00 | Planning includes budgeting to determine how much it will cost to develop the system. In coping up with the estimated cost the proponents made list of all expenses possibly use in the project. In order to minimize the expenses the proponents don’t need to buy the materials needed because some members of our group can provide it voluntarily 6. 0 Proposed System 6. 1 Proposed System Overview The proposed Computerized Enrolment System of Silway-8 National High School is network base. Our goal is to produce a system that will satisfy the needs of the school and students. To meet this goal, we have created the application in our system that enables user to add, edit, search and insert student’s record. This application is intuitive and easy to use, so that the process of enrolment is more convenient. The proponents developed the system which can minimize the time in order to access on the records of the students, as this enrollment process will much faster than the manual system. The system is comprehensive which provide features such as adding students into list, updating student’s information, sectioning of the students, search and view list of enrollees per section and year level. The system also creates class list for the teachers, by entering their name automatically she/he can view the list of students belong in her class. The proponents created a security access of the system which is only the administrator have the full control over the system to prevent discrepancies from happening. Users have limited privileges. They system also have transaction log which the administrator can view who have access into the system on that certain date and time. The action made of the users can be viewed also. These features are created to protect records from being deleted or damaged. The Navicat for my sql is the database the proponents have used to manage and handles the data being stored. 7. 0 SOFTWARE DESIGN SPECIFICATION 7. 1 Process Specification PROCESS 1: User Log-in Enter username of the user THEN enter the password IF the inputs are correct THEN Log-in successful. ELSE IF inputs are incorrect THEN Log-in not successful Repeat END IF PROCESS 2: Add Student Fill all the fields and set values If fields are valid THEN Successfully added ELSE IF adding is not successful END IF PROCESS 3: Search Student Update all fields If all are valid THEN Successfully updated ELSE IF not successfully updated END IF PROCESS 4: Enroll Student Fill all fields If all inputs are correct THEN Enroll Student is successful ELSE IF enroll student not successful END IF 8. 0 System Implementation 8. 1 Programming Consideration. Basically, the proposed system for Silway-8 National High School has four front-end namely the Bookkeeper, Clerk, Adviser and Principal. The Clerk is able to maximize the work load and activity regarding enrollment system. The proponents basically designed the proposed enrollment system using MS Visual Basic. Net as development tool and Navicat for Mysql as the back-end or storage of the database. 8. 2 System Requirements Specification 8. 2. 1 Hardware Requirements The following are the minimum hardware requirements for complete and proper functionality. For best possible result, the proponents recommend to use hardware higher than the requirements stated below: For Standard Set of Computer with the following specifications: * System Unit * At least 256mb RAM * At least 30GB Hard Disk * At least 16Hz processor * Monitor-CTR or LCD * UPS- Un interrupted Power Supply * Keyboard and Mouse 8. 2. 2 Software Requirements Computer Software or just software is a collection of computer programs and related data that provides the instructions for telling computer what to do and how to do it. Below are the software requirements for the system. * Visual Basic. Net * Mysql Navicat * The proponents recommend using at least windows XP operating system installed in the personal computer. However, for better computer performance it is suggested to install higher windows operating system. 8. 2. 3 Human Resources Requirements It is necessarily that a user is a computer literate to be able to operate the computerized Enrollments System for Silway-8 National High School. The designed system is user-friendly that will be easily learned and mastered. The proponents suggest proper training and orientation on how to operate the system. 9. 0 Software Maintenance Plan. We will give the company three months maintenance for the system. After the given time, further maintenance sessions will be charged P500. The maintenance session covers the following: * Debugging of the system in case of any errors. * Updating the system. * Maintaining Hardware components that we required. * Installing new programs and applications that the system needs. * Training of the personnel * Aside from the things mentioned above, we are not responsible to cater other problems except if with payment. Corrective Maintenance The developer will focus on the diagnosis and correction of one or more errors. Corrective maintenance would change the system to correct existing defects. Once the developer finds an error the system must be repair immediately. Preventive Maintenance In this phase, changing some of the system’s component will occur to improve maintainability and reliability to provide a better basis for future enhancement. This performs preventive measures to avoid system errors. Adaptive Maintenance In this phase there would be an occurrence of modifying system’s component in order for the system to accommodate changes to its external environment

my interest in psychology Essay -- Graduate Admissions Essays

my interest in psychology    I have always been intrigued by the mental processes of humans and animals. As a young child and into adolescence, as a student and teacher and as a caregiver, I have always been interested in psychology in one form or another. This essay will reflect not only the development of my interest in psychology, but the development of myself as a person.    I was born into a family with Native American heritage that practiced a strict protestant religion. As a child, I would often wonder why people's attitudes, behaviors and beliefs could be so different from one another. I wondered why some people believed in things with great zeal, yet other people believed the contrary just as vehemently.    As an adolescent, I was enrolled in an accelerated high school program from which I graduated at age 14. I was then faced with the decision at a very young age of what direction my adult life would take. During this time, I also began researching my Native American heritage and began to form my own outlook on individuality, life, spirituality and relationships. My beliefs eventually evolved, and became very contrary to the belief system which was prevalent in my childhood environment.    It was also during this time that I first learned about the field of psychology. I felt it was very natural for me to gravitate towards a field that investigated the affect, behavior, and cognition of humans and animals, since I had always shown an interest in this area.    During my initial years as an undergraduate student, I found myself very interested in the psychological issues that I was learning about. I also found how difficult attending college and working full time could be. Duri... ... expression of cognitive abilities and disabilities. Within this thesis, I investigated common research paradigms, such as twin and adoption studies. Additionally, I examined assumptions used within the methodologies, common data analyses (i.e. concordance rates and heritability measures) and methodological strengths and flaws of different experimental designs. In addition to assisting in research and performing a literature review (first author) in the area of behavioral genetics, I am a member of several behavioral genetic societies in order to remain updated on the research in the field of genetic inheritance and behavior.    Currently I am in the process of furthering my research in these areas by completing my pre-dissertation on interaction of GABA genes in occurrence of Autistic Disorder and an independent project on depression and mental retardation.

Loneliness of Curley’s wife Essay

The author never tells us the name of Curley’s wife in the novel, which could be for many reasons. E. g. she wasn’t important enough or even because she was a woman. But I think it was because she was regarded as one of Curley’s possessions, and because of this everyone approached her with haste. They were all afraid of Curley and didn’t want any bother from him so they left her alone. They didn’t speak to her and ignored her most of the time which could after a while make a person very lonely and feel unwanted. She didn’t like this so she tried to do something about it. She put on attractive clothes, and was heavily made up with full rouged lips and widely spaced eyes. Fingernails painted red and hair in little clusters like sausages. Obviously she wanted to attract some attention from the workers on the ranch, she just wanted somebody to notice her. But as in doing this she is labelled ‘a tart’ and ‘jailbait’. George doesn’t see past the outer cover when she comes back and sees a woman trying to get someone arrested or killed, so he strictly warns Lenny to keep away from her. Another reason for Curley’s wife’s loneliness could have been that she was the only woman on the ranch so she has no other female to gossip to, and all the men are ignoring her so she has absolutely nobody on the ranch to chat with except Curley. Curley isn’t a good husband as he regards her mainly as a possession and not his wife, and therefore doesn’t treat her all that well. He is one of the main reasons that she feels so unhappy. He forces his wife to stay at home alone every day as he forbids her to leave the house in fear that she might go and stray off with one of the ranch workers. He himself is not all that loyal either as he visits brothels with the other men at the end of the month even though he is married. She admits to us when chatting with Lenny that she doesn’t love Curley. She only married him because of her mother. She had met a film producer that had said he was going to put her in the movies, and when the letter didn’t come from him she thought her mother had stolen it. So she moved of and married Curley maybe as a way to get revenge on her mother. Whereas it is more likely that the man wasn’t a film producer and probably wanted just to get her to sleep with him. When talking with Lenny she also tells him all the things she wanted in her life. She wanted to wear nice clothes, stay in big hotels, have pictures taken of her and to be an actress. She even hinted that she was going to leave Curley someday by saying ‘maybe I will someday’ when talking about an acting career. Curley’s wife seems awfully lonely and gets great pleasure out of talking with Lenny in the barn. She even lets him stroke her hair causing a great ruckus and eventually leading to her violent death. But it was instantaneous and when Candy looked at her body he saw that her face was sweet and young. She hadn’t a care in the world. All the ache for attention and discontent were gone from her face and she was finally at peace. I personally don’t think she is the cause of all the trouble because she was only seeking a bit of company. She hardly talked to anyone on the ranch for ages and when she finally gets the chance, you can’t blame her for wanting to take it. It maybe is a bit her fault as she let Lenny stroke her hair, but she didn’t know what he was going to do when he wouldn’t let go and started to panic. She did initially get Lenny killed but I don’t think she did it intentionally as she speaks no desire to get herself killed. It is a bit of everybody’s fault, if the men had spoken to her she may not have wanted to go into the barn with Lenny and therefore not have been killed. Lenny and George’s dream may have came true if Curley’s wife had not been killed so in a way this major event changed all of their lives forever. 30/04/2007 Simon Gurney Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Steinbeck section.

Hume Versus Kant Essay

Hume and Kant offered two differing views on morality. Hume’s philosophy regarding moral theory came from the belief that reason alone can never cause action. Desire or thoughts cause action. Because reason alone can never cause action, morality is rooted in us and our perception of the world and what we want to gain from it. Virtue arises from acting on a desire to help others. Hume’s moral theory is therefore a virtue-centered morality rather than the natural-law morality, which saw morality as coming from God. Kant’s notion of morality stems from his notion of one universal moral law. This law is pertinent to all people and can be used at all times before carrying our actions According to Kant, you ought to act according to the maxim that is qualified for universal law giving; that is, you ought to act so that the maxim of your action may become a universal law. While Hume and Kant’s moral theory differ dramatically, they share one quality and that is the fact that neither centers around the concept of God and his will. Hume’s theories may be considered by some not really philosophical theories at all. It is to say that he is not searching for that philosophical life that is seen in a Plato, or Augustine. He believes that capitalism promotes prosperity for people, and that only science and math is the realm for reason. To discuss Hume’s ethical theory you have to look at the central theme, which are feelings. Hume’s ethical theory says that moral judgments are made on feelings as oppose to reason. Hume’s feelings are based upon the belief that people make moral judgments because it is useful to society. He uses the examples of benevolence and justice to support this idea. Benevolence leads to happiness in society, which is the main basis for moral approval. Justice, for Hume, is regarded as good because again it is useful to society. He says that justice would not exist if everybody was not selfish, and one of its main uses is to protect private property. Justice for Hume is a very business oriented type of justice in which a transaction that is made must be suitable for both parties. If humans were not selfish than justice would not even come to mind in these types of situations because the transaction would be totally dominated by one individual, and that would not be justice. Hume’s view poses the question, which is better social peace or economic prosperity? Hume states that human beings are an animal whose life consists of worldly pleasures, and this is what leads them to a happy life. Again we see a clear contradiction to what â€Å"traditional† philosophers believe to be a happy life. As you can see Hume leaves out the spiritual, reasoning, and thinking part of human nature. Leaving all these factors out he comes up with his contributions to the well being of society. He believes that chastity, confidentiality, avoiding gossip, avoiding spying, being well mannered, and loyal are what can lead you to becoming prosperous. Hume looks at this from being prosperous only from a business-orientated point of view. People do like to become prosperous and have economic growth, but is that all that matters to us as humans? For Hume these feelings are justified because he says that we naturally care about other people and if we do not suffer from something we have a natural inclination to help others out. Hume finally comes a conclusion to his ethical theory in which he states that there are only four reasons in which to do morally good: useful to society, useful to oneself, agreeable to oneself, agreeable to others. Actions that are morally good are categorized into one of these four categories. These actions must be made with sentiment or feeling over reason, for Hume states man is a creature with feelings and reason let’s us figure that out. Hume believed that reason is, and ought only to be, the slave of the passions. He argued that reason is used to discover the causes of pain or pleasure, but it is the prospect of pain or pleasure that causes action, not the reasoning alone, as that is entirely indifferent to us. This notion of always being motivated by pleasure or pain is very important, as it follows from this that when we act morally, it is a desire that makes us act and not reason. Since morals, therefore, have an influence on the actions and affections, if follows that they cannot be derived from reason, and that because reason alone, as we have already proved, can never have any such influence. Kant takes a different approach in his ethical theory and the understanding of morality and what is morally good. For Kant moral goodness is defined as goodwill, and that we as humans have a moral obligation to do what is right. He says that moral worth is seen much clearer if someone does things out of duty. Opposite of what Hume says Kant believes that feelings and inclinations are irrelevant and that feelings are not what drive moral obligations. Then how does Kant justify what is morally obliged? He has cancelled out feelings, and has left it as an obligation for people. For Kant first you must take out all feelings. Moral obligation must be binding for everyone. If any action cannot be approved be everyone than it is not morally obliged. The standard for moral standards has to be universal or absolute. Kant’s ethical theory is put into a comparison of categorical and hypothetical imperatives. Hypothetical imperatives are looked upon as recommendations or laws by others. This is to say that it is someone else or some other thing is telling us what to do. Hypothetical imperatives are unproblematic. They are straightforward sentences that express mundane statements of fact. Categorical ones, on the other hand, are highly problematic. Categorical imperatives deal with autonomy. These are the moral obligations that Kant believes in, the morally obliged actions. In Kant’s view, only if a person is acting solely on the categorical imperative such as doing something out of duty, can the act be morally good. This is because if somebody is acting out of the hypothetical imperative, he/she has an ulterior motive in acting in that way and are therefore not acting out of duty but are pursuing a certain end. They need not be acting in self-interest, but if they act because of a desire to act in that way, this is not morally worthy. You can still act morally if it gives you pleasure, as long as the reason for your action is solely out of duty. For instance we ought to help other because you may need help some day. What makes it valuable is that it is valuable in itself. It allows us to treat ourselves and others with self respect. It is clearly seen that in Kant’s theory there is no feelings or emotions attached to these theories only obligations that will benefit all of society. When taking into account who is right or wrong, the type of person you are comes into play. Some individuals live their lives based off of feelings and emotions alone, and most decisions that these types of individuals make are what is going to them happy or something that could perhaps make them sad but another group in society happy. Then there are the other groups of individuals that do things without thinking of who they will affect but only take into account what they believe they should do based on society’s circumstances. Ultimately the decision on how to make moral judgments should be entirely based on you and your character and your experiences. If a person has been hurt by trying to be morally good then his feelings will come into play no matter how he made his original decision. If this person was making a decision based on obligation and he still got hurt from it in the long run then his next decision could be very feeling based. These two decisions on morality may continue to intertwine with each other. Hume and Kant are similar in that their moral theories are not the will as laid down by God, instead they see morality as embedded in humans themselves. However from here the theories diverge. Hume sees moral judgements as being caused by sentiments of pain or pleasure within an agent as reason alone can never motivate, whereas Kant see the only moral actions as being those caused by reason alone, or the categorical imperative. Both theories have difficulty with coming up with absolute moral laws – Hume’s theory because absolute morality would appear to be impossible if morality is based on an individual’s sentiment, and Kant’s theory because it cannot prove the existence of the categorical imperative.

Job Interview Advice 9 Ways to Ruin a Job Interview

Job Interview Advice 9 Ways to Ruin a Job Interview Toward the end of last year, U.S. News World Report published an article by Rebecca Koenig entitled Job Interview Mistakes to Avoid. Ms. Koenig highlighted 25 job interview mistakes, and I was inspired to share some of them. Amongst the many blatant interview faux pas, you will find answering your cell phone during the interview, wearing overly casual clothing, and flirting with your interviewer. But its not just these obvious gaffes that will create problems for you with your potential next employer. Here are 9 of my favorite ways to ruin a job interview: 1. Be negative about anything or badmouth an old boss. Never say you didn’t like the kind of work you were doing at your prior job. If you didn’t like something before, the interviewer will assume you probably won’t like the work at the next job either. If you’re asked specifically to name something you didn’t like, find something minor and emphasize what you learned and what you did like. As a side note, also do not act rude or say anything negative to the receptionist. How you treat everyone in the office is part of your interview and will be judged! 2. Be late. When it comes to job interviews, being on time is being late. I don’t care whether your car broke down or your subway stalled or your printer cut off part of the address of the firm. Plan to get to the interview an hour early and none of these events will make you late. And always have the employer’s phone number somewhere where you can’t possibly lose it so if anything does happen (despite your plan to get there an hour early) you can call as soon as you know there is a problem. 3. Question whether you want the job. The interview is not the place to have doubts! Fake it till you make it. After you get a job offer, worry about whether you want the job. If you express doubts even subtly during the interview, you can be sure you won’t get the offer. 4. Apologize for any aspects of yourself or your life. Doubting yourself or any hints of low self-esteem will not help you in your interview. You are who you are and you’ve made the choices you’ve made. Be proud or at least accepting, state the facts as the facts and never apologize! 5. Fail to answer the questions. Too often, job candidates will follow the interviewer’s question with a stream of consciousness answer that does not answer the question that was asked. You might do this out of nervousness. So after each question, take a deep breath, repeat the question to yourself, and make sure you answer it – clearly and concisely. This doesn’t mean you shouldn’t use the question to make points you want to make. If you can find a way to slip in a story that highlights your accomplishments, go ahead! Just make sure you’re addressing the topic the interviewer wants you to address. 6. Ask salary information. This is a big no-no! You will get your salary information after you get the offer! However, do be prepared with a strategy in case your interviewer brings up the topic. 7. Come unprepared. You absolutely must do your research before every job interview! If you dont look at the company’s website, know the company’s brand and values, and use Google to find out about any newsworthy events, you are not prepared. If you don’t do this research, the interviewer will wonder whether you’ll do your research on the job. A sure sign that you haven’t done your research is asking a question you could have known the answer to by reading a company website. So don’t mess this up! In addition to researching the company, research your interviewer. Know their LinkedIn profile top to bottom – where they’ve worked, what their interests are, and who your common connections are. Come prepared with questions and conversation topics! 8. Use casual/chatty language or get too personal. We all want to be friendly, but don’t get too buddy-buddy with your interviewer. You are interviewing as a professional and your demeanor will be judged. Exhibit the demeanor in an interview that you would exhibit in the office. 9. Lie. I’d rather you make any of the other 7 mistakes listed in this article than mess up on this one. Even if you’re hired, when your lies are discovered you will be fired. What are your favorite interview stories? Please share your successes and bloopers below! A great resume and LinkedIn profile are key to landing any job interview. If you need writing help, check out our  resume  and  LinkedIn profile writing services and then  contact us with your questions.

10,000 Soldiers Die in Tyrol From Avalanches During World War I

10,000 Soldiers Die in Tyrol From Avalanches During World War I During World War I, a battle waged between Austro-Hungarian and Italian soldiers amidst the cold, snowy, mountainous region of South Tyrol. While freezing cold and enemy fire were obviously dangerous, even more deadly were the heavily snow-padded peaks that surrounded the troops. Avalanches brought tons of snow and rock down these mountains, killing at an estimated 10,000 Austro-Hungarian and Italian soldiers in December 1916. Italy Enters World War I When World War I began after the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand  in June 1914, countries across Europe stood by their allegiances and declared war to support their own allies. Italy, on the other hand, did not. According to the Triple Alliance, first formed in 1882, Italy, Germany, and Austro-Hungary were allies. However, the terms of the Triple Alliance were specific enough to allow Italy, who had neither a strong military nor a powerful navy, to shirk their alliance by finding a way to remain neutral at the beginning of World War I. As the fighting continued into 1915, the Allied Forces (specifically Russia and Great Britain) began to woo the Italians into joining their side in the war. The lure for Italy was the promise of Austro-Hungarian lands, specifically a contested, Italian-speaking area in Tyrol, located in south-western Austro-Hungary. After more than two months of negotiations, the Allied promises were finally enough to bring Italy into World War I. Italy declared war on Austro-Hungary.on May 23, 1915. Getting the Higher Position With this new declaration of war, Italy sent troops north to attack Austro-Hungary, while Austro- Hungary sent troops to the southwest to defend itself. The border between these two countries was located in the mountain ranges of the Alps, where these soldiers fought for the next two years. In all military struggles, the side with the higher ground has the advantage. Knowing this, each side tried to climb higher into the mountains. Dragging heavy equipment and weaponry with them, soldiers climbed as high as they could and then dug in.   Tunnels and trenches were dug and blasted into the mountainsides, while barracks and forts were built to help protect the soldiers from the freezing cold. Deadly Avalanches While contact with the enemy was obviously dangerous, so were the frigid living conditions. The area, regularly icy, was particularly so from the unusually heavy snowstorms of the 1915-1916 winter, which left some areas covered in 40 feet of snow. In December 1916, the explosions from tunnel-building and from fighting took its toll for the snow began to fall off the mountains in avalanches. On December 13, 1916, a particularly powerful avalanche brought an estimated 200,000 tons of ice and rock on top of an Austrian barracks near Mount Marmolada. While 200 soldiers were able to be rescued, another 300 were killed. In the following days, more avalanches fell on troops both Austrian and Italian. The avalanches were so severe that an estimated 10,000 troops were killed by avalanche during December 1916. After the War These 10,000 deaths by avalanche did not end the war. Fighting continued into 1918, with a total of 12 battles fought in this frozen battlefield, most near the Isonzo River. When the war did end, the remaining, cold troops left the mountains for their homes, leaving much of their equipment behind.

Madeleine-Leininger Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Madeleine-Leininger - Assignment Example She highlighted that the theory had its basis on comparative culture care. The document also describes the ethnonursing research method that Leininger developed when developing her theory. In addition, models and enablers used in the ethnonursing research method are also described in depth. From this document, it becomes evident that the numerous factors, which can be categorized as both diverse and universal cultural factors that influence nursing care. From the document, the strengths of the ethnonursing research method become evident to the reader. It is intriguing to analyze Leininger’s understanding of culture care in her effort to form the foundation of transcultural nursing. All the definitions and concepts used in her theory are well explained in this overview document. A close analysis of the document helped me understand the different constructs that define the culture care theory. I also realized that transcultural nursing was the field developed by Leininger after describing her theory successfully (Madeleine-Leininger.com, 2014). This field utilizes both cultural differences and similarities in an effort to provide assistance that matches the needs of people from different cultures. The context under which Leininger developed her theory is also given attention in the document (Leininger, 2008). Doctor Madeleine Leininger calls her theory Culture Care Diversity and Universality as highlighted in the info-facts section. It is identified as the only theory that focuses on transcultural nursing (Leininger, 2008). After reading the info-facts section, I had the impression that Dr. Leininger is an experienced professional in the nursing field. She had conducted wide research in an effort to develop her theory. She has been recognized for her efforts in launching the transcultural nursing field. Notably, she is the author of 28 books, more than 300 articles, and about 60 chapters. This makes it evident that she is a resourceful

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 16

Essay Example Every year organizations adopt various strategies, launch different products and services, run recruitment process and pursue various other activities. All these activities are basically either or indirectly directed to one goal which is making profit. These activities are very usual in business environment. However, the interesting fact is that there are several unusual activities which are pursued by the organizations in order to make profit. In simple language profit is nothing but the excess of revenue after deducting the total expenses from it. Profit of an organization depends on various internal and external environmental factors. If current world business environment is concerned, organizations from all over the world have seen how difficult it could be to make profit in adverse situations like financial meltdown. The global financial turmoil that started from mid 2008 and still continuing has been proved to be the most difficult period for most of the organizations in the world especially in the developed countries. Many of the global companies which are operating for several years have struggled to make profit and most of them have failed to make profit in this period. The main reason behind this is the sudden fall in demand of almost all the goods and services as the financial condition of the people around the world was badly affected. As a consequence of lowering of overall demand organizations’ revenue has fallen drastically and hence they struggled to make profit. In order to overcome this situation and get the organization back to profit making track managements have performed several activities. They came up with new pricing strategies; they reduced the workforce of the organization, they even sold one or two of their units. What is important to notice is that organizations were involved in several activities which they usually do not perform and

Should cars be more efficient Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Should cars be more efficient - Essay Example Lately, there have been world issues that have resulted in â€Å"unprecedented high costs of gasoline,† and consumers are feeling the effect of this increasingly (Barke, et al., 2009, 62). There is also the issue of reducing the environmental footprint of vehicles, as they are made more efficient. Despite the increasing need for efficiency in cars, there has not been significant progress until the past decade or so. Strategies prior to this time revolved around â€Å"weight reduction through material substitution† (Chialin & Jun, 2008, 22-23). The small lightweight cars tend to be more efficient than the full-size sport utility vehicles. Other hurdles in the development process were not tackled early on, and as a result, the â€Å"technology efficient frontier†¦ did not improve significantly,† until the most recent time (Chialin & Jun, 2008, 30). Not everyone struggles to meet ends meet, nor do all hold the environment as the most important artifact in the world. On average however, many do have to compromise, and a major hurdle to consumers adopting efficient technology has been that these hybrid, or more efficient cars â€Å"have been substantially more than comparable conventional vehicles† (Barke, et al., 2009, 71). Even though the need for more efficient technology is increasing, there are many economic restraints in â€Å"raw material costs and availability,† that means until now that conventional engines dominate in their affordability (Lang et al., 2011, i). However, conditions are improving and the many types of efficient technology can mean that the idea of an efficient car can head towards mass adoption rather than appealing to a smaller niche market. As the masses can afford efficient cars, and fuel costs continue to rise, there will likely be many more developments in these type of locomotive composites, at an increasing rate. As the

Operation Of TWT And Magnetrons

Operation Of TWT And Magnetrons A traveling-wave tube (TWT) is an electronic device used to amplify radio frequency signals to high power, usually in an electronic assembly known as a traveling-wave tube amplifier (TWTA). The bandwidth of a broadband TWT can be as high as three octaves, although tuned (narrowband) versions exist, and operating frequencies range from 300Â  MHz to 50Â  GHz. The voltage gain of the tube can be of the order of 70 decibels. Traveling-Wave Tubes Traveling-wave tubes (TWTs) are high-gain, low- noise, wide and width microwave amplifiers, capable of gains of 40 dB or more, with bandwidths of over an octave. (A bandwidth of 1 octave is one in which the upper frequency is twice the lower frequency.) TWTs have been designed for frequencies as low as 300 MHz and as high as 50 GHz. The primary use for TWTs is voltage amplification (although high-power TWTs, with characteristics similar to those of a power klystron, have been developed). Their wide bandwidth and low-noise characteristics make them ideal for use as RF amplifiers. CONSTRUCTION: The device is an elongated vacuum tube with an electron gun (a heated cathode that emits electrons) at one end. A magnetic containment field around the tube focuses the electrons into a beam, which then passes down the middle of a wire helix that stretches from the RF input to the RF output, the electron beam finally striking a collector at the other end. A directional coupler, which can be either a waveguide or an electromagnetic coil, fed with the low-powered radio signal that is to be amplified, is positioned near the emitter, and induces a current into the helix. The helix acts as a delay line, in which the RF signal travels at near the same speed along the tube as the electron beam. The electromagnetic field due to the RF signal in the helix interacts with the electron beam, causing bunching of the electrons (an effect called velocity modulation), and the electromagnetic field due to the beam current then induces more current back into the helix (i.e. the current builds up and thus is amplified as it passes down). A second directional coupler, positioned near the collector, receives an amplified version of the input signal from the far end of the helix. An attenuator placed on the helix, usually between the input and output helicies, prevents reflected wave from travelling back to the cathode. Higher powered TWTs usually contain beryllium oxide ceramic as both a helix support rod and in some cases, as an electron collector for the TWT because of its special electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. OPERATION AND WORKING While the electron beam in a klystron travels primarily in regions free of RF electric fields, the beam in a TWT is continually inter- acting with an RF electric field propagating along an external circuit surrounding the beam. To obtain amplification, the TWT must propagate a wave whose phase velocity is nearly synchronous with the dc velocity of the electron beam. It is difficult to accelerate the beam to greater than approximately one- fifth the velocity of light. Therefore, the forward velocity of the RF field propagating along the helix must be reduced to nearly that of the beam. The phase velocity in a waveguide, which is uniform in the direction of propagation, is always greater than the velocity of light. However, this velocity can be reduced below the velocity of light by introducing a periodic variation of the circuit in the direction of propagation. The simplest form of variation is obtained by wrapping the circuit in the form of a helix, whose pitch is equal to the desire d slowing factor. TWT MIXER.- A TWT is also used as a micro- wave mixer. By virtue of its wide bandwidth, the TWT can accommodate the frequencies generated by the heterodyning process (provided that the frequencies have been chosen to be within the range of the tube). The desired frequency is selected by the use of a filter on the output of the helix. A TWT mixer has the added advantage of providing gain as well as simply acting as a mixer. TWT MODULATION.- A TWT can be modulated by applying the modulating signal to a modulator grid. The modulator grid can be used to turn the electron beam on and off, as in pulsed microwave applications, or to control the density of the beam and its ability to transfer energy to the traveling wave. Thus, the grid can be used to amplitude modulate the output. TWT OSCILLATOR.- A forward-wave TWT can be constructed to serve as a microwave oscillator. Physically, a TWT amplifier and an oscillator differ in two major ways. The helix of the oscillator is longer than that of the amplifier, and there is no input connection to the oscillator. TWT oscillators are often called backward-wave oscillators (BWOs) or carcintrons. The Traveling-Wave Tube The TRAVELING-WAVE TUBE (twt) is a high-gain, low-noise, wide-bandwidth microwave amplifier. It is capable of gains greater than 40 dB with bandwidths exceeding an octave. (A bandwidth of 1 octave is one in which the upper frequency is twice the lower frequency.) Traveling-wave tubes have been designed for frequencies as low as 300 megahertz and as high as 50 gigahertz. The twt is primarily a voltage amplifier. The wide-bandwidth and low-noise characteristics make the twt ideal for use as an RF amplifier in microwave equipment. The physical construction of a typical twt is shown in figure 2-13. Fig-2 The twt contains an electron gun which produces and then accelerates an electron beam along the axis of the tube. The surrounding magnet provides a magnetic field along the axis of the tube to focus the electrons into a tight beam. The HELIX, at the center of the tube, is a coiled wire that provides a low-impedance transmission line for the RF energy within the tube. The RF input and output are coupled onto and removed from the helix by directional couplers that have no physical connection to the helix. If the RF energy is transported on coaxial cables, the coaxial couplers are wound in a helical manner similar to that shown in figure 2. If the RF energy is transported in waveguides, waveguide directional couplers are used. The attenuator prevents any reflected waves from traveling back down the helix. Physical construction of a twt. A simplified version of twt operation is shown in fig below. In the figure, an electron beam is passing along a nonresonant transmission line represente d by a straight wire. The input to the transmission line is an RF wave which travels on the line from input to output. The line will transport a wide range of RF frequencies if it is terminated in the characteristic impedance of the line. The electromagnetic waves traveling down the line produce electric fields that interact with the electrons of the beam. Fig:-3 If the electrons of the beam were accelerated to travel faster than the waves traveling on the wire, bunching would occur through the effect of velocity modulation. Velocity modulation would be caused by the interaction between the traveling-wave fields and the electron beam. Bunching would cause the electrons to give up energy to the traveling wave if the fields were of the correct polarity to slow down the bunches. The energy from the bunches would increase the amplitude of the traveling wave in a progressive action that would take place all along the length of the twt, as shown in figure . However, because the waves travel along the wire at the speed of light, the simple twt shown in figure 3 will not work. At present no way is known to accelerate an electron beam to the speed of light. Since the electron beam cannot travel faster than the wave on the wire, bunching will not take place and the tube will not work. The twt is therefore designed with a delay structure to slow the tra veling wave down to or below the speed of the electrons in the beam. A common twt delay structure is a wire, wound in the form of a long coil or helix, as shown in figure , view (A). The shape of the helix slows the effective velocity of the wave along the common axis of the helix and the tube to about one-tenth the speed of light. The wave still travels down the helix wire at the speed of light, but the coiled shape causes the wave to travel a much greater total distance than the electron beam. The speed at which the wave travels down the tube can be varied by changing the number of turns or the diameter of the turns in the helix wire. The helical delay structure works well because it has the added advantage of causing a large proportion of electric fields that are parallel to the electron beam. The parallel fields provide maximum interaction between the fields and the electron beam. In a typical twt, the electron beam is directed down the center of the helix while, at the same time, an RF signal is coupled onto the helix. The electrons of the beam are velocity-modulated by the electric fields produced by the RF signal. Amplification begins as the electron bunches form and release energy to the signal on the helix. The slightly amplified signal causes a denser electron bunch which, in turn, amplifies the signal even more. The amplification process is continuous as the RF wave and the electron beam travel down the length of the tube. Any portion of the twt output signal that reflects back to the input will cause oscillations within the tube which results in a decrease in amplification. Attenuators are placed along the length of the helix to prevent reflections from reaching the input. The attenuator causes a loss in amplitude, as can be seen in figure , view (B), but it can be placed so as to minimize losses while still isolating the input from the output. The rel atively low efficiency of the twt partially offsets the advantages of high gain and wide bandwidth. The internal attenuator reduces the gain of the tube, and the power required to energize the focusing magnet is an operational loss that cannot be recovered. The twt also produces heat which must be dissipated by either air-conditioning or liquid-cooling systems. All of these factors reduce the overall efficiency of the twt, but the advantages of high gain and wide bandwidth are usually enough to overcome the disadvantages. THE MAGNETRON The MAGNETRON, shown in figure 4-A, is a self-contained microwave oscillator that operates differently from the linear-beam tubes, such as the twt and the klystron. Figure 4-B is a simplified drawing of the magnetron. CROSSED-ELECTRON and MAGNETIC fields are used in the magnetron to produce the high-power output required in radar and communications equipment. Figure 4.A.-Magnetron Figure4 b.-Magnetron The magnetron is classed as a diode because it has no grid. A magnetic field located in the space between the plate (anode) and the cathode serves as a grid. The plate of a magnetron does not have the same physical appearance as the plate of an ordinary electron tube. Since conventional inductive- capacitive (LC) networks become impractical at microwave frequencies, the plate is fabricated into a cylindrical copper block containing resonant cavities which serve as tuned circuits. The magnetron base differs considerably from the conventional tube base. The magnetron base is short in length and has large diameter leads that are carefully sealed into the tube and shielded. The cathode and filament are at the center of the tube and are supported by the filament leads. The filament leads are large and rigid enough to keep the cathode and filament structure fixed in position. The output lead is usually a probe or loop extending into one of the tuned cavities and coupled into a waveguide or coaxial line. The plate structure, shown in figure 5, is a solid block of copper. The cylindrical holes around its circumference are resonant cavities. A narrow slot runs from each cavity into the central portion of the tube dividing the inner structure into as many segments as there are cavities. Alternate segments are strapped together to put the cavities in parallel with regard to the output. The cavities control the output frequency. The straps are circular, metal bands that are placed across the top of the block at the entrance slots to the cavities. Since the cathode must operate at high power, it must be fairly large and must also be able to withstand high operating temperatures. It must also have good emission characteristics, particularly under return bombardment by the electrons. This is because most of the output power is provided by the large number of electrons that are emitted when high-velocity electrons return to strike the cathode. The cathode is indirectly heated and is constructed of a high- emission material. The open space between the plate and the cathode is called the INTERACTION SPACE. In this space the electric and magnetic fields interact to exert force upon the electrons. Figure 5.-Cutaway view of a magnetron The magnetic field is usually provided by a strong, permanent magnet mounted around the magnetron so that the magnetic field is parallel with the axis of the cathode. The cathode is mounted in the center of the interaction space. BASIC MAGNETRON OPERATION.-Magnetron theory of operation is based on the motion of electrons under the influence of combined electric and magnetic fields. The following information presents the laws governing this motion. The direction of an electric field is from the positive electrode to the negative electrode. The law governing the motion of an electron in an electric field (E field) states: The force exerted by an electric field on an electron is proportional to the strength of the field. Electrons tend to move from a point of negative potential toward a positive potential. This is shown in figure 6. In other words, electrons tend to move against the E field. When an electron is being accelerated by an E field, as shown in figure 6, energy is taken from the field by the electron. Figure 6.-Electron motion in an electric field The law of motion of an electron in a magnetic field (H field) states: The force exerted on an electron in a magnetic field is at right angles to both the field and the path of the electron. The direction of the force is such that the electron trajectories are clockwise when viewed in the direction of the magnetic field. This is shown in figure 7. Figure 7.-Electron motion in a magnetic field In figure 7, assume that a south pole is below the figure and a north pole is above the figure so that the magnetic field is going into the paper. When an electron is moving through space, a magnetic field builds around the electron just as it would around a wire when electrons are flowing through a wire. In figure 7 the magnetic field around the moving electron adds to the permanent magnetic field on the left side of the electrons path and subtracts from the permanent magnetic field on the right side. This action weakens the field on the right side; therefore, the electron path bends to the right (clockwise). If the strength of the magnetic field is increased, the path of the electron will have a sharper bend. Likewise, if the velocity of the electron increases, the field around it increases and the path will bend more sharply. A schematic diagram of a basic magnetron is shown in figure 8A. The tube consists of a cylindrical plate with a cathode placed along the center axis of the p late. The tuned circuit is made up of cavities in which oscillations take place and are physically located in the plate. When no magnetic field exists, heating the cathode results in a uniform and direct movement of the field from the cathode to the plate, as illustrated in figure 8B. However, as the magnetic field surrounding the tube is increased, a single electron is affected, as shown in figure 9. In figure 9, view (A), the magnetic field has been increased to a point where the electron proceeds to the plate in a curve rather than a direct path. Figure 8A.-Basic magnetron. SIDE VIEW Figure 9.-Effect of a magnetic field on a single electron In view (B) of figure 9, the magnetic field has reached a value great enough to cause the electron to just miss the plate and return to the filament in a circular orbit. This value is the CRITICAL VALUE of field strength. In view (C), the value of the field strength has been increased to a point beyond the critical value; the electron is made to travel to the cathode in a circular path of smaller diameter. View (D) of figure 9. shows how the magnetron plate current varies under the influence of the varying magnetic field. In view (A), the electron flow reaches the plate, so a large amount of plate current is flowing. However, when the critical field value is reached, as shown in view (B), the electrons are deflected away from the plate and the plate current then drops quickly to a very small value. When the field strength is made still greater, as shown in view (C), the plate current drops to zero. When the magnetron is adjusted to the cutoff, or critical value of the plate current, and the electrons just fail to reach the plate in their circular motion, it can produce oscillations at microwave frequencies. These oscillations are caused by the currents induced electrostatically by the moving electrons. The frequency is determined by the time it takes the electrons to travel from the cathode toward the plate and back again. A transfer of microwave energy to a load is made possible by connecting an external circuit between the cathode and the plate of the magnetron. Magnetron oscillators are divided into two classes: NEGATIVE-RESISTANCE and ELECTRON-RESONANCE MAGNETRON OSCILLATORS. A negative-resistance magnetron oscillator is operated by a static negative resistance between its electrodes. This oscillator has a frequency equal to the frequency of the tuned circuit connected to the tube. An electron-resonance magnetron oscillator is operated by the electron transit time required for electrons to travel from cathode to plate. This oscillator is capable of generati ng very large peak power outputs at frequencies in the thousands of megahertz. Although its average power output over a period of time is low, it can provide very high-powered oscillations in short bursts of pulses.